- Last fall, inflation expectations began to increase.
- Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) prices rose.
- In recent months, inflation has missed expectations.
- Sporadic adjustments help to explain this weakness.
- We see a strong, medium-term upside potential for TIPS.
Over the past six months, financial markets have experienced relatively large moves, and TIPS have been no exception. After President Trump’s election, the TIPS market re-priced 10-year inflation expectations from 1.7% to about 2.1% early this year. But as concerns have grown about the new administration’s ability to navigate Congress, the TIPS market has tempered its view, with inflation expectations now closer to 1.85%. At these prices, we continue to like the TIPS asset class.
How Will TIPS Behave in Different Market Environments?
First of all, it may be worth restating that TIPS are, indeed, bonds. If interest rates rise rapidly and/or substantially, the price of TIPS will likely decline. However, here are the two key points worth noting with respect to rising rates:
- If longer term interest rates climb, there is a good chance they will do so because of rising inflation. In this environment, TIPS should outperform most other fixed income assets.
- If longer term interest rates rise for non-inflationary reasons (i.e., real growth accelerates because of higher productivity), equities should gain and provide portfolios with upside potential.
If interest rates fall, TIPS should do well because bond prices generally will rise. While we believe TIPS will likely underperform nominal Treasuries in a low inflation, low interest-rate environment, our expectation is that they would still have positive returns.
TIPS Today
We believe TIPS valuations are attractive today. We will explain why by discussing recent trends, as well as by analyzing the weakness in the recent Consumer Price Index (CPI) reports.
From the end of 2014 to the end of 2016 [https://thecapitalideas.com/inflation-creeping-higher/], core inflation (CPI inflation excluding the volatile energy and food components) rose from 1.6% to 2.2%. This move made sense in light of the labor market’s tightening, the national unemployment rate falling from 5.6% to 4.7% over that same period and the money having been printed during three rounds of quantitative easing remaining in the financial system.
However, core inflation has softened noticeably in recent months, with the year-over-year rate declining back down to 1.7% in May. While this softening has been surprisingly persistent over the past three months, there are reasons to believe inflation will rebound back to the +2% trend in the months ahead.
First, nearly half of the recent decline can be attributed to one-off factors that, to us, appear unlikely to further weigh on CPI going forward. Second, labor market slack continues to decline and wage pressures are gradually rising. Wage growth, as measured by the Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank, remains at a robust level of 3.4%. As this wage pressure builds, and with May's 4.3% unemployment rate indicating a tight labor market, we think the conditions are ripe for inflation to gradually move higher in the months to come.
In her June press conference, Chair Janet Yellen indicated that the Fed shares these views. In response to a question on inflation, Yellen said, “There have been some idiosyncratic factors I think that have held down inflation in recent months,” and that Fed policymakers “continue to feel that with a strong labor market … the conditions are in place for inflation to move up.”
In April of this year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released the CPI estimate for March. Along with most of the market, we were surprised to see that core inflation fell from February by 0.12% — the biggest month-over-month decline since 1962. This was followed by a 0.07% increase in April, which was also below market expectations. As a result, the year-over-year rate slowed to 1.9% from 2.2% in February. Looking into the details of these inflation reports, our view is that this will likely be a temporary slowdown, and that in the next few months we should see CPI return to a trend of between 2.0% and 2.5%.
The biggest negative surprise in the March CPI report was wireless telephone service prices. Absent this factor, core CPI was positive for the month. We think this reflects a one-time adjustment. In April, physician services surprised with the largest monthly drop in 25 years. Given historical changes in the series and the lack of a clear cause, we believe the move to be a temporary outlier and to reverse in the months to come.
There were other categories that were weak for more structural reasons, such as new and used vehicle prices, which are declining due to elevated auto inventory-to-sales ratios. However, other core components remain robust, led by shelter and medical care services (excluding the temporary drop in physician services) that make up more than 58% of core CPI. With the labor market continuing to tighten, the unemployment rate falling to 4.3% and economic growth steady at around 2%, we see little reason to think the weakness in inflation will persist in the months ahead.
Conclusion
TIPS are unique because they are explicitly linked to CPI inflation, therefore offering a direct means of protecting purchasing power over time. American Funds Inflation Linked Bond Fund® can provide investors an allocation to TIPS, which are an out-of-benchmark (Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index) allocation for core bond funds. Depending on market valuations, these funds may or may not hold TIPS. A dedicated allocation to TIPS like our fund offers can complement a broader bond portfolio which may not hold up well in an inflationary environment. Since TIPS are government bonds, they can also add a measure of stability to portfolios in times of equity market volatility.
Investments are not FDIC-insured, nor are they deposits of or guaranteed by a bank or any other entity, so they may lose value.
Investors should carefully consider investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses. This and other important information is contained in the fund prospectuses and summary prospectuses, which can be obtained from a financial professional and should be read carefully before investing. Securities offered through American Funds Distributors, Inc.
Past results are not predictive of results in future periods.
Statements attributed to an individual represent the opinions of that individual as of the date published and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Capital Group or its affiliates. This information is intended to highlight issues and not to be comprehensive or to provide advice.
