Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke has been clear about one thing: He is planning to raise interest rates this year if the economy continues to mend. For bond funds that could be bad news.
Faced with the prospect of higher rates, what should you do? Advisors disagree. One camp argues that you should prepare for higher interest rates by taking active steps, buying bonds that are likely to prove relatively resilient. But another group urges investors to sit tight. These advisors say that instead of trying to anticipate when rates will rise, investors should build a diversified bond portfolio and hold it through market ups and downs. Either approach for managing bonds can be effective. But advisors should pick one and stick with it.
Advocates of the active strategy urge investors to prepare for rising rates by shifting to bonds with shorter maturities. Those tend to suffer only limited losses when rates rise. To hold short-term securities, cautious investors should consider FPA New Income (FPNIX). FPA traditionally focused on intermediate-term bonds, but in recent years portfolio manager Tom Atteberry has hit the brakes. Worried about rising rates, he has shifted to cash and short-term securities. The fund currently has 16 percent of assets in cash, and most of the rest in securities with maturities of two years or less. “We are very conservative because we don't like losing money,” says Atteberry.
Most often the caution has paid off. FPA has never suffered a losing year since the current management took over in 1984. The fund has shined brightest in down years. During the turmoil of 2008, FPA returned 4.3 percent, outdoing its average peer by 9 percentage points.
Another strategy for coping with rising rates is to hold a bank loan fund. These invest in loans made to below-investment grade corporate borrowers. Because the loans are adjustable, they hold their value during periods of climbing rates.
Say the federal funds rate climbs 1 percentage point later this year. The yield on a 5 percent loan would likely rise to about 6 percent. Owners of the loans would collect the rising interest and suffer no principal loss. In contrast, short-term bond funds could lose 1 percent or more.
A cautious loan fund is MainStay Floating Rate (MXFAX), which has returned 3.4 percent annually during the past five years, outdoing 81 percent of its competitors. Portfolio manager Robert Dial keeps most of his assets in securities rated BB, the top grade of the below-investment grade universe. “We underweight the lower quality securities, and that helped us outperform when things got difficult in 2008,” says Dial.
Other sound bank loan funds include Eaton Vance Floating-Rate Advantage (EBFAX), Fidelity Advisor Floating Rate (FFRAX), Franklin Floating Rate Daily Access (FAFRX) and Oppenheimer Senior Floating Rate (XOSCX).
While buying a bank loan fund could protect nest eggs this year, many advisors remain unimpressed. They advocate buying and holding portfolios that emphasize high-quality bonds. Investors should not panic at the prospect of higher rates, says Bill Walsh, president of Hennion & Walsh, a registered investment advisor in Parsippany, New Jersey. “Trying to time the market usually doesn't work,” says Walsh.
He says that investors who shift into short-term securities now could pay a heavy price. Consider that a 5-year Treasury currently yields 2.27 percent, while a 2-year Treasury yields 0.84 percent. Investors who buy the shorter-term securities now will forgo considerable interest income in hopes of avoiding rate rises that may not materialize.
For best results, Walsh suggests building a bond ladder. In this approach, you buy bonds with maturities of one year, two years, and so on. Every year one of your bonds matures. So if rates rise, you will have some cash available to invest for better returns.
Vanguard Group also suggests a buy-and-hold approach. For long-term investors, rising rates can boost returns, the fund company argues. To appreciate why, consider that bond fund investors receive interest that can be reinvested to buy more shares. When rates rise, the yields on reinvestments climb. Over time, higher yields can compensate for the declines in share prices that occur when rates increase.
To make the point, Vanguard provides an illustration of how bond funds would perform during 7-year periods under different interest rate conditions. Say a fund yields 4 percent. Rates climb by 2 percentage points in the first two years and then stay at 6 percent for the next five years. During the first year, the fund would lose 0.8 percent. But after that the fund would stay in the black as higher reinvestments prop up returns. For the full seven-year period, the fund would return 4.2 percent. Now imagine that instead of rising, rates dropped by 2 percentage points in the first two years and then stayed at 2 percent. During the first year, the fund would return 8.8 percent, but for the full seven years the total return would only be 3.8 percent.
Armed with the hypothetical data on bond fund returns, investors should be able to wait through periods of rising rates, says Stephani Smith, a Vanguard principal. “If you are mentally prepared to accept some temporary losses, you should be able to stick it out and not deviate from your long-term plan,” she says.
RATE HIKE PROOF
| Fund | ticker | 3-year return | 5-year return | % category rank 5-year return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eaton Vance Floating-Rate Advantage | EBFAX | 2.4 | 3.6 | 10 |
| Fidelity Advisor Floating Rate | FFRAX | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4 |
| Franklin Floating Rate | FAFRX | 0.9 | 2.7 | 39 |
| MainStay Floating Rate | MXFAX | 2.2 | 3.4 | 20 |
| Oppenheimer Senior Floating Rate | XOSCX | 0.8 | 2.9 | 36 |
| Source: Morningstar. Returns through 1/31/10. | ||||